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http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia
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beatrcia
beatrcia
2006-06-30
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Copyright
2024-03-19
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devoir sur les virus
http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia/49606-devoir-sur-les-virus.htm
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<p style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Qu’est ce qu’un<span style="">
</span>virus ?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">Un <b>virus</b> est un petit programme <b>informatique</b>
situé dans le corps d'un autre, qui, lorsqu'on l'exécute, se charge en mémoire
et exécute les instructions que son auteur a programmé. Les virus informatiques
sont de petits programmes logiciels conçus pour se propager d'un ordinateur à
l'autre et en perturber le fonctionnement. Il est un morceau de programme
informatique malicieux conçu et écrit pour qu’il se reproduise </p>
<p style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a name="troie"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Qu’est ce qu’un Cheval de Troie ?</span></u></strong></a><span style=""></span><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style=""> </span>Un cheval
de Troie est donc un programme caché dans un autre qui exécute des commandes
sournoises.il est caché dans les fichiers et voit toutes les opérations
effectuées et à cet effet peut se comporter comme administrateur de la machine.</p>
<p style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a name="ver"><strong><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">Qu’est ce qu’un Ver ?</span></u></strong></a><span style=""></span><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Les <b>vers</b>
Un ver <b>informatique</b> (en anglais worm) est un programme qui peut
s'auto-reproduire et se déplacer à tra<b>vers</b> un réseau en utilisant les
mécanismes réseau, sans avoir réellement besoin d'un support physique ou
logique (disque dur, programme. </span>Un Ver est un programme indépendant, qui
se copie d’ordinateur en ordinateur.</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Qui fabrique les
virus ?</span></u></b><br>
<br>
Comme fabriquant de virus dans le monde, nous pouvons citer :<br>
a- Les jeunes informaticiens passionnés et désirant intégrés des
systèmes les plus sécurisés. <br>
b- Les HACKERS(en français HACKEURS) : personnes qui agissent selon la
logique : "la soif de curiosité et la volonté d’apprendre plus".<br>
c- Les membres de CAHOS COMPUTER CLUB <br>
d- Le club des pirates du monde <br>
e- CORPSE Famille de virus Les virus d'applications infectent les fichiers
exécutables, c'est-à-dire les programmes (.exe, .com ou .sys).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">But </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">général</span></u></b><br>
<br>
a- Prendre possession d’un ordinateur à distance <br>
b- Entrer de façon frauduleuse dans les bases de données (cas de CORPSE qui
s’est introduit dans la base de données de l’américaine) <br>
c- S’introduire dans les comptes personnels de clients à distance<br>
d- Piratage des comptes bancaires <br>
e- Passion et désir de découverte</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br>
<br>
<b><u> </u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Leur but par
catégorie</span></u></b><br>
<b style="">- virus</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>U</span>n virus est une petit programme qui
a été développé dans l'intention de nuire <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Un virus peut corrompre ou supprimer des données de
votre ordinateur, utiliser votre programme de messagerie pour se propager à
d'autres ordinateurs ou même effacer tout le contenu de votre disque dur. Les
conséquences de leur exécution peuvent conduire à l </span><span style=""> </span>le fonctionnement le fonctionnement de
l’ordinateur, infecter les documents, il peuvent formater le disque dur.<br>
A part se répliquer, le virus peut avoir ou non une action plus ou moins
néfaste, allant de l’affichage d’un simple message à la destruction de toutes
les données. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">-vers<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"> .. Ce type de réplication peut donc non seulement affecter un
ordinateur, mais aussi dégrader les performances du réseau dans une
entreprise. Comme un virus ce ver peut contenir une action nuisible du type
destruction de données ou envoi d’informations confidentielles. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br style="">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="">
<!--[endif]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">-<b style="">Cheval de Troie</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>L’action nuisible à
l’utilisateur est alors le fait qu’un pirate informatique peut à tout moment
prendre à distance le contrôle de l’ordinateur</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">En général, un cheval de Troie tente d’utiliser les droits
appartenant à son environnement pour détourner, diffuser ou détruire des
informations, ou encore pour ouvrir une porte dérobée qui permettra à un attaquant
de prendre à distance le contrôle d'un ordinateur, voler les mots de passe ou
envoyer des informations confidentielles au créateur via Internet.<br>
definition <br>
<br>
<b><u>Pourquoi doit on mettre à jour régulièrement les anti virus<br>
</u></b>parce que chaque jour de nouveaux virus sont crées<br>
pour la <span style=""> </span>Protection de l’ordinateur <br>
la Sécurisation des fichiers <br>
<span style=""> </span>la <span style=""> </span>Limitation d’accès à un compte utilisateur<br>
le maintiens de <span style=""> </span>l’antivirus en
activité.<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-20T10:17:49+01:00
-
GPO
http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia/48493-gpo.htm
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Group Policy Object (GPO) ou <span style="">stratégies de groupe</span> sont des fonctions de gestion centralisée de
la famille Windows. Elles permettent la gestion des ordinateurs et des
utilisateurs dans un environnement </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Active Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. <a name="Pr.C3.A9sentation"></a>Les stratégies de
groupe peuvent contrôler des clés de registre, <span style=""> </span>la politique de sécurité et d’audit,
l’installation de logiciel, les scripts de connexion et de déconnexion, la
redirection des dossiers, et les paramètres d’</span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Internet Explorer</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Les paramétrages sont stockés dans les stratégies de
groupe. Chaque stratégie de groupe peut être liée à un ou plusieurs Domaine ou
Unité d’Organisation </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Active Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Cela permet à plusieurs objets ordinateurs ou
utilisateurs d’être contrôlés par une seule stratégie de groupe et donc de
diminuer le coût d’administration globale de ces éléments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Les stratégies de groupe sont analysées et appliquées
au démarrage de l’ordinateur et pendant l’ouverture de session de
l’utilisateur. Les ordinateurs rafraîchissent les paramètres transmis par les
stratégies de groupe de façon périodique, généralement toutes les 60 ou 120
minutes, ce paramètre étant ajustable par un paramètre de stratégie de groupe.<a name="Les_trois_phases_de_l.27utilisation_des_"></a> <span style="">Il existe trois phases de stratégies de groupe à savoir : <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-l</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a création et l’édition de la
stratégie de groupe, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-la liaison des stratégies de groupe et <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-l’application des stratégies de groupe.<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Création et édition des
stratégies de groupe</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Les stratégies de groupe peuvent être éditées au
travers de deux outils – le Group Policy Object Editor (Gpedit.msc) et la Group
Policy Management Console (GPMC). GPEdit est utilisé pour créer et éditer une
stratégie de groupe de façon unitaire. La GPMC simplifie grandement la gestion
des stratégies de groupe en fournissant un outil permettant une gestion
centralisé et collective des objets. La GPMC inclus de nombreuses
fonctionnalités telles que la gestion des paramètres, un panneau pour la
gestion du filtrage par groupe de sécurité, des outils de sauvegarde et de
restauration et d’autres outils graphiques intégrés à la MMC. <span style="">Liaison des stratégies de groupe</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Après avoir créé une stratégie de groupe, elle peut
être liée à un site </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Active Directory</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, à un domaine ou à une unité <span style=""> </span>d'organisation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le client de stratégie de groupe du poste récupère la
configuration (de base dans un intervalle aléatoire compris entre 60 et 120
minutes, mais cela est configurable via les stratégies de groupe) qui est
applicable à l’ordinateur et à l’utilisateur connecté et l’applique en tenant
compte des différents critère de filtre, de sécurité et d’héritage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="Les_strat.C3.A9gies_de_groupe_locales"></a><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-05T19:02:59+01:00
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="top"></a>Dans l'environnement de réseau
Microsoft, la notion de <span style="">domaine</span>
définit un ensemble de machines partageant des informations d'<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuaire" title="Annuaire">annuaire</a>.<a name="Le_concept_de_Domaine_chez_Microsoft"></a> Il reflète le plus souvent une
organisation hiérarchique dans une entreprise. Le domaine permet à
l'administrateur réseau de gérer plus efficacement les utilisateurs des
stations déployées au sein de l'entreprise car toutes ces informations sont
centralisées dans une même base de données. On distingue deux types de domaine :
le domaine <span style=""> </span>de comptes et le domaine de
ressources.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le domaine de comptes à jour et stocke
la liste des utilisateurs (nom de login, mot de passe) et leur habilitation
(droits à accéder à des ressources réseau, droits à partager ...).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le domaine de ressources définit plutôt
un ensemble de partages réseau (disques, imprimantes, ...) qui sont mis à la
disposition des autres stations (clientes) du réseau.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-05T18:46:43+01:00
-
Active directory
http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia/48491-active-directory.htm
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Active Directory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Active Directory</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">est un service d'</span></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuaire" title="Annuaire"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">annuaire</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> utilisé pour stocker des informations relatives aux ressources réseau
sur un </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_%28Microsoft%29" title="Domaine (Microsoft)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">domaine</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ce concept
peut être défini comme étant la mise en œuvre par </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Microsoft</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> des
services d'</span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuaire" title="Annuaire"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">annuaire</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> pour une
utilisation principalement destinée aux environnements </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Windows</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. L'objectif
principal d'<span style="">Active Directory</span>
est de fournir des services centralisés d'identification et d'authentification
à un réseau d'ordinateurs utilisant le système </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows" title="Windows"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Windows</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. Il permet
également l'attribution et l'application de stratégies, la distribution de
logiciels, et l'installation de mises à jour critiques par les administrateurs.
<span style="">Active Directory</span> stocke ses
informations et paramètres dans une base de données centralisée. La taille
d'une base Active Directory peut varier de quelques centaines d'objets pour de
petites installations à plusieurs millions d'objets pour des configurations
volumineuses. Une structure <span style="">Active
Directory</span> est une organisation hiérarchisée d'objets. Les objets sont
classés en trois grandes catégories : les ressources (par exemple les </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimante" title="Imprimante"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">imprimantes</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">), les
services (par exemple le </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courrier_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Courrier électronique"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">courrier électronique</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">) et les utilisateurs (comptes utilisateurs et
groupes). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-05T18:41:37+01:00
-
différence entre Fat16 ert Fat32
http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia/48052-difference-entre-fat16-ert-fat32.htm
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Les caractéristiques de fat16 et de fat32 nous permettent
d’identifier les différences
fondamentales qui existent entre ces deux systèmes de fichiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(156, 0, 66);"><span style=""> </span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <u>Caractéristiques
de fat16<span style="color: rgb(156, 0, 66);"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></b></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Supporte
des partitions de tailles maximum 2.1 GO sous MS-DOS et 4.0 GO sous
Windows NT 4.0 <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chaque
partition peut contenir un maximum de 65,536 fichiers <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limité
à 512 entrées dans le répertoire principal du disque dur et 128 entrées
dans le répertoire principal d'une disquette <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pas de
prise en charge des noms longs - <st1:personname productid="La VFAT" w:st="on">La VFAT</st1:personname> de Windows 95/98 écrit des entrées
supplémentaires dans une table d'allocation modifiée contenant les noms
longs (maximum 255 caractères) ; ceci réduit le nombre maximum d'entrées
dans le répertoire principal.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Caractéristiques de fat32<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Partition
de taille maximum théorique de 2048 GO <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chaque
partition peut contenir un maximum de 2 097 152 fichiers <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Limité
à 65,535 entrées dans le répertoire principal du disque dur <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Les noms de fichiers longs sont supportés sous VFAT
Windows 95/98 - VFAT écrit des entrées supplémentaires dans une table
d'allocation modifiée contenant les noms longs (maximum 255 caractères) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="">Le système de fichier FAT16 est né avant le
système de fichier FAT32.La FAT16 possède une longueur de 16 bits alors que <st1:personname productid="la FAT" w:st="on">la FAT</st1:personname>32 en possède 32 bits.<br>
FAT32 utilise des valeurs 32 bits pour les entrées de <st1:personname productid="la FAT." w:st="on">la FAT.</st1:personname> 28 bits sont utilisés et
4 bits sont réservés.<br>
Le système de fichiers FAT16 est un système 16 bits, cela signifie qu’il ne
peut pas adresser les clusters sur plus de 16 bits. Le nombre maximum de
clusters repérables avec le système FAT16 est ainsi de 2exposant16, soit 65536
clusters alors que le nombre maximal de clusters par partition du système de
fichiers FAT32 est de 268 435 455 (228-1) .La taille maximale d’une partition
FAT16 est de 2Go alors que la taille théorique maximum d'une partition FAT32
est de 8 To. <st1:personname productid="la FAT" w:st="on">La FAT</st1:personname>32
autorise donc des partitions d’une taille beaucoup plus élevée que celle de <st1:personname productid="la FAT" w:st="on">la FAT</st1:personname>16.<br>
<span style=""> </span>La FAT32 n’est pas compatible
avec les versions de Windows antérieures à la version OEM Service Release 2. Un
système démarrant avec une version précédente ne verra tout simplement pas ce
type de partition.<br>
Les utilitaires de gestion de disque fonctionnant en 16 bits tels que
d’anciennes versions de Norton Utilities ne pourront plus fonctionner
correctement. En terme de performances, l’utilisation d’un système FAT32 au
détriment du système FAT16 apporte en pratique un léger gain en performances de
l’ordre de 5%. <br>
Le nombre de clusters étant limité, la taille maximale d'une partition dépend
de la taille de chaque cluster. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-01T11:03:02+01:00
-
LES MECANISMES DE PAGINATION
http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia/48051-les-mecanismes-de-pagination.htm
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le mécanisme
de pagination a été imaginé pour lever la contrainte de contiguïté de l'espace
de mémoire physique allouée aux processus. Pour cela, la mémoire physique est
découpée en blocs de taille fixe, que nous appellerons <i>case</i> (en anglais <i>frame</i>).
Par ailleurs, la mémoire linéaire des processus, encore appelée <i>mémoire
virtuelle</i>, est elle-même découpée en blocs de taille fixe, que nous
appellerons <i>page</i>. La taille d'une page correspond à la taille d'une
case. Chaque page peut alors être placée dans une case quelconque. Le <i>mécanisme
de pagination</i> du matériel assure la traduction des adresses de mémoire
virtuelle en une adresse de mémoire physique, de façon à retrouver la
contiguïté de cette mémoire virtuelle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Il existe
deux types de pagination : la pagination à un niveau et la pagination à
deux niveaux.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="I"><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I)-<span style=""> </span>La
pagination à un niveau<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le
mécanisme de traduction des adresses virtuelles en adresses réelles doit
associer à chaque numéro de page virtuelle le numéro de case réelle qui
contient cette page, si elle existe. Un registre spécialisé du processeur
contient l'adresse de la table qui mémorise cette association; cette
table est appelée la <i>table des pages</i> du processus. En général,
l'adresse de cette table est une adresse physique.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="I"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">II)-</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><b>La pagination à deux niveaux</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></li></ul></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="I"><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La
pagination à deux niveaux a pour but de réduire la représentation de la
table des pages d'un processus, sans avoir des contraintes aussi fortes.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La
mémoire virtuelle est divisée en <i>hyper pages</i> de taille fixe,
chaque hyper page étant découpée en pages de même taille qu'une case de
mémoire physique. Une hyper page contient donc un nombre limité de pages.
À chaque hyper page, on associe une table de pages analogue à ce qui
précède. Par ailleurs, la mémoire virtuelle d'un processus est
représentée par une table des hyper pages, qui permet de localiser la
table des pages de chaque hyper page.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lorsque
le processeur traduit une adresse virtuelle, il isole d'abord le numéro
d'hyper page qu'il utilise comme index dans la table des hyper pages <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></ol>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-01T10:59:55+01:00
-
Historique de Windows
http://www.iblogyou.fr/beatrcia/48050-historique-de-windows.htm
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Windows est le système
d'exploitation commercialisé par la société Microsoft, dont le siège est
implanté à Seattle..</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Microsoft a débuté son activité avec la
commercialisation en août 1981 de la version 1.0 du système d'exploitation Microsoft
DOS (MS-DOS), un système d'exploitation 16 bits en ligne de commande.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><b style="">La
gamme Windows est composée de plusieurs branches</b> <b style="">:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La
première branche dite "<b>banche 16 bits</b>" couvre les
versions Windows 1.0 à<span style=""> </span>Windows 3.11
La première version de Microsoft Windows (Microsoft Windows 1.0) est
apparue en novembre 1985.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Windows 2.0, lancé le 9 décembre 1987. Le 22 mai
1990 ,Microsoft Windows a débuté avec Windows 3.0, puis Windows 3.1 (<i>Janus</i>)
en 1992 et enfin Microsoft Windows for Workgroups, baptisé par la suite Windows
3.11, comprenant des fonctionnalités réseau. Cependant, la version Windows 3.1
ne peut pas être considérée comme un système d’exploitation à part entière car
il ne s’agit que d’une interface graphique fonctionnant au dessus du système MS
- DOS.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La
deuxième branche dite "<b>branche 32 bits</b>" couvre les
versions Windows 95 à Windows Me. Le 24 août 1995, Microsoft lance le
système d'exploitation Microsoft Windows 95. <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-Windows 95
marque la volonté de Microsoft de transférer des fonctionnalités de MS-DOS dans
Windows. Windows 95 apporta plusieurs améliorations : le multitâche
préemptif, la couche réseau inspirée de celle de NT, une interface graphique
nouvelle. Ce n’est pas un nouveau système d’exploitation, mais une évolution de
Windows 3.1. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La version
OSR2 de <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; color: windowtext;">Windows 95</span></a>
apporta la prise en charge de l’USB et de FAT32. Après des révisions mineures
de Microsoft Windows 95, baptisées successivement Windows 95A OSR1, Windows 95B
OSR2, Windows 95B OSR2.1 et Windows <st1:metricconverter productid="95C" w:st="on">95C</st1:metricconverter>
OSR2.5, Microsoft commercialise le 25 juin 1998 la version Windows 98. Windows
98 intègre nativement d'autres fonctionnalités de MS-DOS mais s'appuie toujours
sur ce dernier. D'autre part Windows 98 souffre d'une mauvaise gestion du
partage de la mémoire entre processus, pouvant provoquer des dysfonctionnements
du système. Une seconde édition de Windows 98 paraît, le 17 février 2000, elle
se nomme Windows 98 SE (pour «<i>Second Edition</i>»). Le 14 septembre 2000,
Microsoft commercialise <b>Windows Me</b> (pour <i>Millenium Edition</i>),
également appelé <b>Windows Millenium</b>. Windows Millenium s'appuie largement
sur Windows 98 (donc sur MS-DOS), mais apporte des fonctionnalités multimédia
et réseau supplémentaires. D'autre part, Windows Millenium intègre un mécanisme
de restauration du système permettant de revenir à un état précédent en cas de
plantage. Ces différentes versions ont souffert d’une réputation d’instabilité
et de vulnérabilité aux attaques par les réseaux. Le passage à la famille NT pour
les versions grand public a eu lieu avec Windows XP, plus stable et moins
vulnérable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La
troisième branche dite "<b>branche Windows NT</b>". La version
Windows NT est un système d’exploitation entièrement 32 bits c'est-à-dire
un système qui ne s’appui pas sur le MS-DOS (il ne s’agit donc pas d’une
évolution de Windows 95 d’autant plus qu’il a été développé parallèlement
avec ce dernier). La branche NT (<i>Nouvelle Technologie</i>), est une
famille de systèmes d’exploitation redéveloppée à partir de zéro, bien
qu’elle soit une évolution de l’API de Windows souvent appelée Win32.
Cette branche permet le multitâche préemptif. Le 24 mai 1993 la première
version de Windows NT est commercialisée. Il s'agit de Windows NT 3.1,
puis Windows NT 3.5 sort en septembre 1994 et Windows 3.51 en juin <st1:metricconverter productid="1995. C" w:st="on">1995. C</st1:metricconverter>'est avec
Windows NT 4.0, lancé sur le marché le 24 août 1996, que Windows NT va
enfin connaître un réel succès. En juillet 1998, Microsoft commercialise
Windows NT 4.0 TSE (<i>Terminal Server Emulation</i>), le premier système
Windows à permettre la possibilité de brancher des terminaux sur un
serveur, c'est-à-dire d'utiliser des clients légers pour accéder à une
session ouverte sur le serveur. Le 17 février 2000, la version suivante de
Windows NT 4.0 est baptisée Windows 2000 (en lieu et place de <i>Windows
NT 5.0</i>) afin de montrer la convergence des systèmes «NT» avec les
systèmes «Windows 9x». Windows 2000 est un système entièrement 32-bits
possédant les caractéristiques de Windows NT, ainsi qu'une gestion
améliorée des processus et une prise en charge complète des périphériques
USB et Firewire. Puis, le 25 octobre 2001, Windows XP fait son
apparition.,un système d'exploitation dédié pour les serveurs est
commercialisé par Microsoft : Windows Server 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">La
quatrième branche dite "<b>branche Windows CE</b>" l’appellation
« Pocket PC » a été remplacée par « Windows Mobile ».
Il existe donc Windows Mobile 2003 pour Pocket PC et Windows Mobile 2003
pour SmartPhone.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"></p>
2009-06-01T10:57:27+01:00